Brief introduction to common satellite communication antennas

Brief introduction to common satellite communication antennas

Antenna is an important part of satellite communication system, which is the input and output channel of earth station radio frequency signal. The performance of antenna system affects the performance of the whole communication system. The distance between the earth station and the satellite is very long. In order to ensure the effective transmission of signals, most earth stations adopt reflector antennas. The characteristics of the reflector antenna are good directionality, high gain and easy to transmit long distance waves. There are many ways to classify the reflector surface. According to the number of reflector surface, it can be divided into double reflector antenna and single reflector antenna. According to the feeding mode, it is divided into positive feed antenna and partial feed antenna; According to the frequency band can be divided into single band antenna and multi-band antenna; According to the shape of the reflection surface is divided into flat antenna and paraboloid antenna.

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Smartnoble Connectors provides research and development, production and sales of high-precision connectors. At present, the main products include more than 50 series and more than 5000 pieces of environment-resistant quick-plug electrical connectors, high-reliability power connectors, filter connectors, MII-C-38999 series high-density electrical connectors, push-pull electrical connectors, etc. Variety. Products are widely used in communications, aerospace, aviation, navigation, medical, transportation, electric power, new energy, instrumentation and other fields. Since its establishment, Smartnoble factory has passed lSO9001 quality management certification, military product quality management system certification, TS16949 quality management system certification, confidentiality qualification, CE certification, and some products have obtained a number of national patents. The company has a strong R & D team, advanced processing equipment, sophisticated testing equipment, short development cycle, short delivery cycle, short development cycle, excellent variety, strong service awareness, and has won unanimous praise from domestic and foreign customers.

 

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Diesel generator | Introduction | Definition

A generator is a mechanical device that converts other forms of energy into electrical energy. A diesel generator is a combination of a diesel engine and a generator (usually an alternator) to generate electricity. Diesel compression ignition engines are generally designed to run on fuel oil, but there are types that are suitable for use with other liquid fuels or natural gas. A diesel generator is a small power generation equipment, which refers to a power machine that uses diesel as fuel and uses a diesel engine as the prime mover to drive the generator to generate electricity. The whole set is generally composed of diesel engine, generator, control box, fuel tank, storage battery for starting and control, protection device, emergency cabinet and other components. It can be used for daily power generation and emergency power generation in various households, offices, large, medium and small enterprises.

Laser 'comb' systems measure all primary greenhouse gases in the air

Laser Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have upgraded their laser frequency-comb instrument to simultaneously measure three airborne greenhouse gasses—nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and water vapor—plus the major air pollutants ozone and carbon monoxide. Combined with an earlier version of the system that measures methane, NIST's dual comb technology can now sense all four primary greenhouse gasses, which could help in understanding and monitoring emissions of these heat-trapping gasses implicated in climate change. The newest comb system can also help assess urban air quality. These NIST instruments identify gas signatures by precisely measuring the amounts of light absorbed at each color in the broad laser spectrum as specially prepared beams trace a path through the air. Current applications include detecting leaks from oil and gas installations as well as measuring emissions from livestock. The comb systems can measure a larger number of gasses than conventional sensors that sample air at specific locations can. The combs also offer greater precision and longer range than similar techniques using other sources of light. NIST's latest advance, described in a new paper, shifts the spectrum of light analyzed from the near-infrared into the mid-infrared, enabling the identification of more and different gasses. The older, near-infrared comb systems can identify carbon dioxide and methane but not nitrous oxide, ozone or carbon monoxide. Researchers demonstrated the new system over round-trip paths with lengths of 600 meters and 2 kilometers. The light from two frequency combs was combined in optical fiber and transmitted from a telescope located at the top of a NIST building in Boulder, Colorado. One beam was sent to a reflector located on a balcony of another building, and a second beam to a reflector on a hill. The comb light bounced off the reflector and returned to the original location for analysis to identify the gasses in the air. A frequency comb is a very precise "ruler" for measuring exact colors of light. Each comb "tooth" identifies a different color. To reach the mid-infrared part of the spectrum, the key component is a specially engineered crystal material, known as periodically poled lithium niobate, that converts light between two colors. The system in this experiment split the near-infrared light from one comb into two branches, used special fiber and amplifiers to broaden and shift the spectrum of each branch differently and to boost power, then recombined the branches in the crystal. This produced mid-infrared light at a lower frequency (longer wavelength) that was the difference between the original colors in the two branches. The system was precise enough to capture variations in atmospheric levels of all of the measured gasses and agreed with results from a conventional point sensor for carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide. A major advantage in detecting multiple gasses at once is the ability to measure correlations between them. For example, measured ratios of carbon dioxide to nitrous oxide agreed with other studies of emissions from traffic. In addition, the ratio of excess carbon monoxide versus carbon dioxide agreed with similar urban studies but was only about one-third the levels predicted by the U.S. National Emissions Inventory (NEI). These levels provide a measure of how efficiently fuel combusts in emissions sources such as cars. The NIST measurements, in echoing other studies suggesting there is less carbon monoxide in the air than the NEI predicts, put the first hard numbers on the reference levels or 'inventories' of pollutants in the Boulder-Denver area. "The comparison with the NEI shows how hard it is to create inventories, especially that cover large areas, and that it is critical to have data to feed back to the inventories," lead author Kevin Cossel said. "This isn't something that will directly impact most people on a day-to-day basis—the inventory is just trying to replicate what is actually happening. However, for understanding and predicting air quality and pollution impacts, modelers do rely on the inventories, so it is critical that the inventories be correct." Researchers plan to further improve the new comb instrument. They plan to extend the reach to longer distances, as already demonstrated for the near-infrared system. They also plan to boost detection sensitivity by increasing the light power and other tweaks, to enable detection of additional gasses. Finally, they are working on making the system more compact and robust. These advances may help improve understanding of air quality, specifically the interplay of factors influencing ozone formation.

Prospects for the development of high-power laser fiber applications

High-power laser fiber technology is one of the hot research directions in the field of optoelectronics technology, especially laser technology in recent years, and has been widely used in industrial manufacturing, medical treatment, energy exploration, military defense and other fields. From the development trend of the whole high-power laser industry, fiber laser combines the waveguide characteristics of optical fiber and the pumping characteristics of semiconductor, which has the outstanding advantages of good beam quality, high efficiency, good heat dissipation, compact structure and soft operation, representing the development direction of high power and high brightness laser. In terms of market segmentation, fiber laser is one of the research hotspots in the field of high power lasers in recent years, especially the development of high power fiber lasers is more rapid, and the technologies of Q modulation and mode-locking of conventional lasers are also introduced into fiber lasers, which not only broaden the research field of fiber lasers, but also promote the development of laser technology. At the same output power, compared with other lasers, fiber lasers have the advantages of simple structure, high conversion efficiency, good beam quality, low maintenance cost and good heat dissipation, etc. They have become the mainstream light source in traditional industrial manufacturing fields such as metal cutting, welding and marking, and are widely used in medical and cosmetic, aerospace and military applications, etc. Especially in laser processing and optical communication, the potential for development makes It has the trend of gradually replacing traditional lasers. All in all, high-power fiber laser technology is expected to meet the urgent demand for high-power, high-efficiency lasers in the 21st century in the fields of advanced laser manufacturing and military defense, and is a frontier technology of strategic importance to the national economy and national security. High-power fiber lasers also show great potential for applications in energy exploration, large scientific devices, space science, environmental science and other fields, and will become a powerful tool for human understanding and transformation of the world.

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